Will adding this schema improve my rankings?
Not directly. Google has been consistent that structured data is not a ranking signal. What it does is make a page eligible for a rich result, which is a visually richer entry in the results page: star ratings, a price, a recipe image, a breadcrumb trail. Those enhancements can lift click-through rate substantially, which is a real benefit, but they only apply to a page that already appears in the results. Schema is presentation, not position.
My markup validates but I get no rich result. Why?
Validation and eligibility are separate tests. The schema.org validator checks that your JSON-LD is well-formed and uses real properties. Google's Rich Results Test checks whether you have supplied the specific properties that a given rich result requires, which is a much narrower bar. A Product without an offer, a review, or an aggregate rating is perfectly valid schema and will never produce a rich result. Run the Rich Results Test, and it will list exactly which required fields are missing.
Can I mark up content that is not visible on the page?
No. Google's structured data guidelines require the marked-up content to be visible to the user, and marking up ratings, prices, or FAQs that do not appear on the page is one of the clearest ways to earn a manual action. The penalty removes your rich results entirely and can affect the site more broadly. The mental model to hold is that structured data annotates the page rather than extending it.
Where does the JSON-LD script go?
Anywhere in the document, though the head is conventional. Google reads it from either the head or the body, and it does not need to sit near the content it describes, which is precisely the advantage of JSON-LD over microdata. If the page is client-rendered, make sure the script is in the server's HTML response, because although Google does render JavaScript, doing so is slower and less reliable than reading it from the initial payload.
Is my data sent anywhere?
No. The JSON-LD is assembled in your browser from the values you type. Nothing about an unreleased product, price, or event is transmitted.